What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?Question 1 options:Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positiveSodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.Question 2What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?Question 2 options:Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis.Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell.Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton.Question 3In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because:Question 3 options:The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell.Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia.Question 4What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation?Question 4 options:Obstruction of the common bile duct, preventing the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladderIncreased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteinsIncreased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteinsIncreased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipidsQuestion 5Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by 101. During an Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is a result of which receptor action?Question 5 options:Histamine bound to H2Chemotactic factor binding to the receptorEpinephrine bound to mast cellsAcetylcholine bound to mast cellsQuestion 6What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions?Question 6 options:Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.Cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets.Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface.Question 7Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following?Question 7 options:Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by the discharge of preformed mediatorsAntibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes being deposited in the tissuesCytotoxic T (Tc) cells or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targetsAntibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surfaceQuestion 8Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cause of which disease?Question 8 options:Hemolytic anemiaPernicious anemiaSystemic lupus erythematosusMyasthenia gravisQuestion 9Why does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after organ transplantation?Question 9 options:Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of transplanted tissue, where the complement cascade lyses tissue.Receptors on natural killer (NK) cells recognize antigens on the cell surface of the transplanted tissue, which releases lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue.Antibodies coat the surface of the transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed chemical mediators that destroy tissue.Question 10Oncogenes are genes that are capable of:Question 10 options:Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferationDirecting synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary replacement of tissueEncoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of tissueUndergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasisQuestion 11After the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated, the resulting impulse is transmitted from the carotid artery by which sequence of events?Question 11 options:From the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activityFrom the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase sympathetic activity and to decrease parasympathetic activityFrom the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activityFrom the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the hypothalamus to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activityQuestion 12Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?Question 12 options:Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the arteryHypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the arteryExcessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the arteryEvidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the arteryQuestion 13What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium?Question 13 options:Prolonged QT intervalST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)ST depression myocardial infarction (STDMI)Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI)Question 14A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when the patient is lying down. These clinical manifestations describe:Question 14 options:Myocardial infarction (MI)Pericardial effusionRestrictive pericarditisAcute pericarditisQuestion 15Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism?Question 15 options:Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongataIncreased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased acid-base balance (pH), and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)Stimulation of stretch or J-receptorsFatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragmQuestion 16Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response?Question 16 options:IL-1, IL-2, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α)L-8, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α)IL-4, IL-10, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13Question 17Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma?Question 17 options:An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammationA pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imagingA pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, the pancreas, the sweat ducts, and the vas deferensAn obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiencyImprovement on a trial of asthma medicationQuestion 18Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?Question 18 options:Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammationRespiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imagingA pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, the pancreas, the sweat ducts, and the vas deferensA pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiencyQuestion 19What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis?Question 19 options:A deficit of IL-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α)A deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)A deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-αA deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)Question 20Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication?Question 20 options:Retropharyngeal abscessLaryngospasmsRupturing of the tonsilsGagging induced aspirationQuestion 21Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?Question 21 options:Cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and ischemic heart diseaseRenal diseases, such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritisGastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn diseaseMuscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgiaQuestion 22What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?Question 22 options:Enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis.Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production.Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure.Question 23In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?Question 23 options:Oncotic pressureBufferingNet filtrationHydrostatic pressureQuestion 24Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?Question 24 options:Capillary hydrostaticInterstitial hydrostaticCapillary oncoticInterstitial oncoticQuestion 25At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because:Question 25 options:The interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.The capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.The interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.The capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.Question 26Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by:Question 26 options:A decrease in serum sodiumAn increase in plasma osmolalityAn increase in the glomerular filtration rateA decrease in osmoreceptor stimulationQuestion 27Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?Question 27 options:The circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.Underlying chronic illnesses exist.The number of mast cells is insufficient.Question 28Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by:Question 28 options:Interfering with the function of neurotransmittersInhibiting the production of myelin around the nervesIncreasing the resting membrane potentialAltering the transport of potassium into the nervesQuestion 29Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by:Question 29 options:Competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excretedBinding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygenDestroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygenRemoving iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygenQuestion 30Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma?Question 30 options:No difference exists, and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably.A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura.A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture.A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the skull, such as an aneurysm eruption, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs from trauma outside the skull, such as a blunt force trauma.Question 31What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion?Question 31 options:Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water.Cramping of voluntary muscles occurs as a result of salt loss.Thermoregulation fails because of high core temperatures.Subcutaneous layers are damaged because of high core temperatures.Question 32Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of:Question 32 options:Iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstreamHemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cellsAlbumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstreamAmino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstreamQuestion 33Hemosiderosis results in what substance being stored in excess as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues?Question 33 options:HemoglobinFerritinIronTransferrinQuestion 34What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?Question 34 options:Acoustic trauma and noise inducedHigh frequency and low frequencyHigh frequency and acoustic traumaNoise induced and low frequencyQuestion 35What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells?Question 35 options:CoagulativeLiquefactiveCaseousGangreneQuestion 36During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:Question 36 options:Potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related.The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels.The osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane.Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell.Question 37In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of:Question 37 options:OxygenNitrogenCarbon monoxideHydrogenQuestion 38What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?Question 38 options:Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised.Skeletal muscle cells atrophy as a result of paralysis.The heart muscle enlarges as a result of hypertension.The size of the uterus increases during pregnancy.Question 39Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury:Question 39 options:Affects the permeability of the plasma membraneIs often the result of the damage caused by reactive free radicalsIs rarely influenced by lipid peroxidationSeldom involves the cell’s organellesQuestion 40What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide?Question 40 options:It increases capillary permeability and causes pain.It increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation.It causes smooth muscle contraction and fever.It decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation.